If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” for “no date” in place of the publication date. References with identical dates are ordered by their titles (disregard “A”, “An”, and “The”).References with specific dates are ordered chronologically.References with only a year precede those with more specific dates.Trust differences between payment providers.Īssign the letters using the following rules: Adoption of contactless payment solutions. These lowercase letters are also included in the APA in-text citation. When citing multiple works from the same author, published in the same year, you need to add a lowercase letter after the year to distinguish between them. A retrieval date is also not needed if versions are archived, as is the case with Wikipedia articles. You do not need to include a retrieval date for an online newspaper article or blog post (like this one), even though the content might change a little over time. Write the word “Retrieved” followed by the month, day, and year. The retrieval date appears after the source title and before the URL. Dashboards with statistics (like this world population counter).Only provide the retrieval date (i.e., the date you consulted the information) if a work is designed to change over time. Sources published more frequently (e.g., newspapers, blogs, YouTube videos) or events taking place on specific dates (e.g., conferences, speeches) usually include the full date. In most cases, you only include the year of publication in the reference entry. The date of publication appears in parentheses and can take the following forms: Don’t take the copyright date from the footer of a website. For web pages, you may use the “Last updated” date if it applies to the content you’re citing.For journal articles, take the year in which the volume was published.For books, always take the copyright date.Use the following guidelines to determine the publication date: The “date” component appears after the “author” component. court cases, laws) generally don’t have an author element. Blog post (unknown author) King James Bible. The reference then begins with the source title, as in this Bible citation. When you really cannot determine the author, you may omit the “author” component from the reference. For example, an “About us” page on a website is usually written by the organization behind the website. The author may not always be mentioned explicitly, but you can often infer it from the context. * Abbreviate the editor role to “Ed.” (one editor) or “Eds.” (multiple editors). Author roles in APA references Source type Check the table below to learn when to provide a role description. If contributors have a different role than “author”, a description of their role is sometimes (but not always) included in parentheses. If you do know the author’s real name, include the username in brackets after the author’s real name. If you don’t know the author’s real name, you only provide the username. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (not CDC)Īn author’s name can also be a username (for example, a Twitter handle).Do not use a comma to separate two group authors. If multiple organizations or groups are responsible for creating the work, include them all in the reference entry. When an organization or group is listed as the author of a source (e.g., a report or brochure), list the name in full-don’t use abbreviations. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. If there are more than 20, list the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (.) and the last author’s name. Before the last author’s name, you should also insert an ampersand (&).Ī reference entry may contain up to 20 authors. Separate the names of multiple authors with commas. Don’t include personal titles such as Ph.D. Treat infixes, such as “Van” or “De”, as part of the last name. In an APA reference, the author’s name is inverted: start with the last name, followed by a comma and the initials, separated by a period and space. The author can be the writer of a text, but also the host of a podcast or the director of a movie. This can be an individual, multiple people, an organization (such as a company, government agency, or workgroup), or a combination of them. The author is responsible for creating the work.
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